Direct Speech: سڌي
گفتگو
Indirect Speech: اڻ
سڌي گفتگو
Rule: 01
If
the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense in reported
speech is not changed while converting in indirect speech.
اگر سڌي گفتگو ۾ رپورٽنگ ڪلاس ۾
فعل زمان حال سادو يا زمان مستقبل سادو جو هجي ته پوءِ اڻ سڌي گفتگو ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ
وقت ان جو زمان تبديل نه ٿيندو.
Examples:
Direct: He
says, “I am fine.”
Indirect:
He
says that he is fine.
Direct: The man says, “I shall do it.”
Indirect: The man says that he will do it.
Direct: He will say, “I am ready to go.”
Indirect: He will say that he is ready to go.
Exercise:
1. He says, “I am
ill.”
2. She says, “They
are my students.”
3. We say, “She is
not serious.”
Rule: 02
If
the reporting verb is in past tense, the verb in the reported speech is changed as
following.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Direct:
Nadim said, “I play hockey.”
Indirect: Nadim said that he played hockey.
Direct:
He said to me, “I am
reading a book.”
Indirect: He told me that he was reading a
book.
Direct:
She said to him, “I have
learnt my lesson.”
Indirect: She told him that she had learnt her
lesson.
Direct:
They said to us, “We
have been learning English for two
months.”
Indirect: They told us that they had been
leaning English for two months.
Direct:
He said to me, “I can
do the work.”
Indirect: He told me that he could do the work.
Direct:
They said to her, “He
will have done it.”
Indirect: They told her that he would have done
it.
Exercise:
1.
He said to me, “I shall return your laptop.”
2.
We said to them, “You have deceived us.”
3.
They said to him, “We do not conceal the fact.”
Rule: 03
If
there is a universal truth, habitual act, or a quotation in direct speech, the
verb in the reported speech is not changed.
Direct:
My elders said, “The earth moves round the sun.”
Indirect: My elders said that the earth moves
round the sun.
Direct:
He said, “My elder brother offers prayers every day.”
Indirect: He said that his elder brother offers
prayers every day.
Rule: 04
If
the reported clause has two or more verbs at the same time , the past tense of
the verb is not changed.
Direct:
The teacher said, “Saleem worked hard while Aslam slept.”
Indirect: The teacher said that Saleem worked
hard while Aslam slept.
Direct:
He said, “They came,
played and went.”
Indirect: He said that they came, played and went.
Words
in direct speech V/S words in indirect speech.
This That
Here There
Ago Before
These Those
Hence Thence
Now Then
Come Go
Thus So, in that way
Today That day,
the same day
Tomorrow The next day, The following
day
Yesterday The previous day,
The day before
Last
night The
previous night, The night before
Rule: 05
Interrogative sentences:
There are two types of interrogative
sentences:
1.
Starts with any
auxiliary verb.
2.
Starts with any word
of W-H family.
While changing into indirect speech,
we keep following rules in our mind.
1- Reporting
verb is changed into ask or enquire of.
2- If or whether
is used as a linking word.
3- The helping
verb in the reported speech is used after the subject.
4- If the
sentence starts with any W-H family word, that word is not changed, also if or
whether is not used.
5- Question mark
is removed, indirect speech becomes a statement.
Direct: He said to Shazia, “Are you going now?”
Indirect: He asked Shazia if she was going then.
Direct: The teacher said to student, “What is
your name?”
Indirect: The teacher asked student what his name was.
Exercise:
1. They said to
me, “Did you buy a new book?”
2. We said to
them, “Have you opened new shop?”
3. I said to
Ali, “Where are you coming from?”
Imperative
sentences:
The following rules
may apply for imperative sentences in indirect speech.
1- Reporting verb is changed into
tell, command or order, request or ask, forbid, advise or suggest, according to
the sense of the speech.
2- “to” is used instead of “that”
for linking both clauses.
Direct: He said to me, “Help me.”
Indirect: He requested me to help him.
Direct: She said to the peon, “Get out from
here.”
Indirect: She ordered the peon to get out from
there.
Exercise:
1-
He said to her, “Return
my laptop now.”
2-
She said to her friend,
“Work hard.”
3-
The doctor said to the
patient, “Show me your tongue.”
4-
The police man said to
driver, “Give me your license.”
5- Ahmed said to Mukesh, “Complete your task today.”
Optative sentences:
The following rules
may apply for optative sentences in indirect speech.
1- The repoting verb is changed
into wish or pray.
2- the optative form is changed
into a statement.
Direct: He said to me, “May you be happy.”
Indirect: He wished that I might be happy.
Direct: Amjad said, “May Allah save them.”
Indirect: Amjad prayed that Allah might save
them.
Exclamatory
sentences:
The following rules
may apply for exclamatory sentences in indirect speech.
1- The reporting verb is changed
into exclaim, cry, shout etc according to the sense.
2- New words and phrases like
with joy/ in joy, with sorrow/in sorrow, in wonder etc are used to express the
meaning of exclamation. If the sense is not clear, such phrases are not used.
3- Indirect speech becomes a
statement.
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! We have won the
match.”
Indirect: He exclaimed in joy that they had won
the match.
Direct: He said, “What a fool I am”!
Indirect: He cried out with sorrow that he was
a great fool.